提起管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)我們大家都(dou)不陌生(sheng),在日(ri)(ri)常生(sheng)活中(zhong)經(jing)常能(neng)夠接觸(chu)到,管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)途范圍非常大,但(dan)在我國(guo)體現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差一些(xie),在日(ri)(ri)本(ben),無論是(shi)樣品或資料介紹(shao),管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)種類很(hen)多,各式各樣。如果(guo)要給(gei)管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下一個(ge)定義,我認為(wei)凡是(shi)管(guan)(guan)材經(jing)過深(shen)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品都(dou)應該屬于管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范疇。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)確實如此。那么管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)既然是(shi)管(guan)(guan)子做原料通過深(shen)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成為(wei)一種產(chan)品,所以,這(zhe)(zhe)種產(chan)品具有管(guan)(guan)子和機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)零件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重特性(xing),是(shi)二(er)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合。管(guan)(guan)子是(shi)管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)所須的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原材料,但(dan)管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法很(hen)多,只要是(shi)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法,它都(dou)可(ke)以應用(yong)(yong)。管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)什么在國(guo)外發展如此迅速,我認為(wei)有兩個(ge)比較突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點:是(shi)可(ke)代(dai)替部分機(ji)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品,而(er)(er)且比機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鑄件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鍛(duan)造結構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)重量輕,節(jie)約(yue)材料;二(er)是(shi)比機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品節(jie)省工(gong)(gong)(gong)序、工(gong)(gong)(gong)時,降(jiang)低(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成本(ben)。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)材料界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資料介紹(shao)一種卡車用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)桿機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法與管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法做過比較,同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品重量用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料重量就不同了(le)(le),機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)法是(shi)10.35kg,而(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)做這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)零件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)則用(yong)(yong)9.32kg,節(jie)約(yue)了(le)(le)材料;機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)單價為(wei)240日(ri)(ri)元(yuan),若用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)則單價為(wei)140日(ri)(ri)元(yuan)。所以管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法在價格(ge)上(shang)很(hen)有優(you)勢(shi),將近(jin)降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)50%。從(cong)性(xing)能(neng)上(shang)講,管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法要優(you)于機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)法。
管件種類很(hen)多,歸納有以下(xia)幾種主要類型(xing):
1.變直(zhi)徑管(guan)件,指管(guan)端或管(guan)上某一(yi)部分直(zhi)徑減小;
2.變壁(bi)厚的管件(jian),指(zhi)沿管子長度(du)方向使壁(bi)厚發生變化;
3.改(gai)變(bian)斷面的管件,根據要求,將圓形斷面變(bian)為(wei)方形、橢(tuo)圓形、多邊(bian)形等等;
4.彎曲(qu)管件,我們接觸(chu)比較多的(de),就(jiu)是將直管變為(wei)不(bu)同曲(qu)率半(ban)徑的(de)彎管,如彎頭、彎管等等;
5.帶(dai)凸(tu)緣(yuan)和(he)圓緣(yuan)的管(guan)(guan)件,前者指管(guan)(guan)子端部向(xiang)內側或外側凸(tu),后者指在管(guan)(guan)的圓周方(fang)向(xiang)形成隆起的或凹槽(cao)的管(guan)(guan)件;
6.帶(dai)卷邊和(he)封(feng)底(di)類的(de)管(guan)件,增加管(guan)端總強度(du)向(xiang)管(guan)的(de)外側(ce)或內(nei)側(ce)卷邊或將管(guan)件端部封(feng)住(zhu)的(de)管(guan)件;
7.擴(kuo)徑管(guan)件,按照(zhao)要(yao)求將管(guan)件端部(bu)或某部(bu)位擴(kuo)大形成各(ge)種形狀的管(guan)件;
管件的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)也有很(hen)(hen)多種。很(hen)(hen)多還屬于機械加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)類的(de)范疇,用的(de)多的(de)是(shi)(shi)沖壓(ya)法(fa)(fa)、鍛壓(ya)法(fa)(fa)、滾輪加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)法(fa)(fa)、滾軋法(fa)(fa)、鼓脹法(fa)(fa)、拉伸法(fa)(fa)、彎(wan)曲法(fa)(fa)、和(he)組合加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)法(fa)(fa)。管件加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)機加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)金屬壓(ya)力加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)有機結(jie)合。
現(xian)舉例(li)說明如下(xia):
鍛壓法:用型(xing)鍛機將管子端部或(huo)一部分予以沖伸,使外徑減(jian)少(shao),常(chang)用型(xing)鍛機有(you)旋轉式(shi)、連桿式(shi)、滾輪式(shi)。
沖(chong)壓法:在沖(chong)床上用帶錐度的(de)芯子將管端擴到(dao)要求的(de)尺寸(cun)和形狀。
滾(gun)輪法(fa):在管內放置芯子,外周用滾(gun)輪推壓,用于圓緣加工。
滾(gun)軋法(fa):一般(ban)不用芯(xin)軸,適合(he)于厚(hou)壁管內側圓緣。
彎(wan)曲成形法(fa)(fa):有三種方法(fa)(fa)較(jiao)為(wei)常用(yong),一種方法(fa)(fa)叫(jiao)伸展法(fa)(fa),另一種方法(fa)(fa)叫(jiao)沖壓法(fa)(fa),第三種是大家較(jiao)為(wei)熟悉的(de)滾(gun)輪法(fa)(fa),有3-4個(ge)輥(gun)(gun),兩個(ge)固定輥(gun)(gun),一個(ge)調整輥(gun)(gun),調整固定輥(gun)(gun)距,成品管件(jian)就是彎(wan)曲的(de)。這種方法(fa)(fa)應用(yong)的(de)較(jiao)廣,若生產螺旋管,曲率(lv)還可大。
鼓脹法:一(yi)種是(shi)在管(guan)內(nei)放(fang)置橡(xiang)膠,上方(fang)(fang)(fang)用(yong)沖子(zi)壓縮,使管(guan)子(zi)凸出成(cheng)(cheng)形;另(ling)一(yi)種方(fang)(fang)(fang)法是(shi)液壓鼓脹成(cheng)(cheng)形,在管(guan)子(zi)中部(bu)充入液體,靠液體壓力把(ba)管(guan)子(zi)鼓成(cheng)(cheng)所需要的(de)形狀,像我們常用(yong)的(de)波紋管(guan)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)大部(bu)分用(yong)的(de)是(shi)這(zhe)種方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。
總之管件(jian)(jian)用(yong)途廣泛,種(zhong)類繁(fan)多。日本(ben)生(sheng)產方法都是(shi)特許(xu)的(de)(de),有(you)的(de)(de)管件(jian)(jian)生(sheng)產方法和工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)都申報了,管件(jian)(jian)很(hen)多,大多是(shi)組合(he)加工(gong)(gong)。我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)管件(jian)(jian)加工(gong)(gong)差(cha)距很(hen)大,舉個例子:自行(xing)車用(yong)的(de)(de)三通(tong)四(si)通(tong),在國(guo)外早(zao)在四(si)五年(nian)就采用(yong)鼓脹(zhang)成(cheng)形的(de)(de)管頭(tou),而(er)我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)廠家(jia)到現(xian)在可(ke)能還在用(yong)焊接的(de)(de)方法。人(ren)們幾乎不認識這(zhe)種(zhong)事物,很(hen)難接受新事物,即(ji)使有(you),廠家(jia)也不一定(ding)愿意改變這(zhe)種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。我(wo)國(guo)在管件(jian)(jian)這(zhe)方面(mian)發展得很(hen)慢(man),比較(jiao)落后。
下(xia)面講一(yi)下(xia)用(yong)于管(guan)路連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)管(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),如(ru):彎頭(tou)、大小(xiao)(xiao)頭(tou)、三通、管(guan)帽、彎管(guan)等。這些管(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)主要(yao)用(yong)在石(shi)油、化工(gong)、電力、造船、建(jian)筑行(xing)業等領域。比如(ru):室內采暖(nuan)管(guan)道有的(de)(de)要(yao)異徑連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie),有的(de)(de)要(yao)轉向(xiang)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie),有的(de)(de)要(yao)分流連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie),它們分別(bie)可采用(yong)大小(xiao)(xiao)頭(tou)(國外叫異徑管(guan))、彎頭(tou)和三通管(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。當然這些有的(de)(de)是(shi)鑄件(jian)(jian)(jian),有的(de)(de)是(shi)由管(guan)子做原料通過(guo)加工(gong)的(de)(de)方(fang)法生產(chan)。
首先我來介紹彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)。彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)現在(zai)國(guo)際通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)標準是(shi)(shi)美(mei)國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)家標準ansib16.9和16.28。該(gai)標準的(de)(de)外徑(jing)(jing)尺(chi)寸范(fan)圍是(shi)(shi)1/2″~ 80″,一般24″以內的(de)(de)都是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)無縫鋼管為原材料,26″到(dao)80″的(de)(de)都是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼板(ban)沖壓(ya)以后再(zai)焊(han)接。壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)大(da)可達60mm,小(xiao)(xiao)到(dao)1.24mm。鋼種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)多的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)碳素鋼(20#)、合金鋼和不銹鋼,共24個鋼種(zhong)。鍋爐上用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)crmo鋼像15cr,用(yong)(yong)(yong)量比較大(da)。三(san)通(tong)(tong),外徑(jing)(jing)范(fan)圍在(zai)2.5″-60″,從26″-60″為焊(han)接三(san)通(tong)(tong)。壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)28-60mm。大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)頭(tou)(tou)規(gui)格(ge)(ge)范(fan)圍,常規(gui)上先說大(da)頭(tou)(tou)規(gui)格(ge)(ge),再(zai)說小(xiao)(xiao)頭(tou)(tou)規(gui)格(ge)(ge),大(da)頭(tou)(tou)小(xiao)(xiao)0.75″,小(xiao)(xiao)頭(tou)(tou)小(xiao)(xiao)0.5″,大(da)頭(tou)(tou)大(da)60″,小(xiao)(xiao)頭(tou)(tou)大(da)48″,20-60″為焊(han)接的(de)(de),壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)2.8-4.5mm。
下面我來(lai)講一下彎頭(tou)(tou)的(de)分(fen)(fen)類方法,按它(ta)的(de)曲率半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)來(lai)分(fen)(fen),可分(fen)(fen)為長半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)彎頭(tou)(tou)和短半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)彎頭(tou)(tou)。長半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)彎頭(tou)(tou)指(zhi)它(ta)的(de)曲率半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等于1.5倍的(de)管子外徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),即(ji)r=1.5d。短半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)彎頭(tou)(tou)指(zhi)它(ta)的(de)曲率半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等于管子外徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),即(ji)r=d。式中的(de)d為彎頭(tou)(tou)直徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),r為曲率半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。若按壓力(li)(li)等級來(lai)分(fen)(fen),大約有十七種(zhong),和美國的(de)管子標(biao)準是(shi)相(xiang)同的(de),有:sch5s、sch10s、sch10、sch20、sch30、sch40s、std、sch40、sch60、sch80s、xs;sch80、sch100、sch120、sch140、sch160、xxs,其中常用的(de)是(shi)std和xs兩種(zhong)。按彎頭(tou)(tou)的(de)角度分(fen)(fen),有45o彎頭(tou)(tou),有90o彎頭(tou)(tou)和180o彎頭(tou)(tou)。這樣一來(lai)彎頭(tou)(tou)的(de)種(zhong)類是(shi)很(hen)多的(de),定(ding)貨時定(ding)單常采取如下表示(shi)(shi)方法:如lr std 90o 8,表示(shi)(shi)長半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),壓力(li)(li)等級為std,90o的(de)8彎頭(tou)(tou);又如,sr xs 45o 4表示(shi)(shi)短半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),壓力(li)(li)等級為xs,45o的(de)4彎頭(tou)(tou)。以(yi)上為彎頭(tou)(tou)的(de)大概分(fen)(fen)類情況(kuang)。
三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),一般有(you)兩種。三(san)個(ge)口直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)相等的(de)為(wei)(wei)等直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),兩端直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)相同(tong),但匯流(liu)端直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)與其(qi)它(ta)兩個(ge)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)不同(tong)稱為(wei)(wei)異徑(jing)(jing)三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。表(biao)示(shi)方法(fa)如下:對于等徑(jing)(jing)三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),比如t3三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)則表(biao)示(shi)外徑(jing)(jing)是(shi)3英寸的(de)等徑(jing)(jing)三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。對于異徑(jing)(jing)三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),比如t4×4×3.5表(biao)示(shi)同(tong)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)四英寸異徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)3.5英寸的(de)異徑(jing)(jing)三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。壓力等級(ji)和彎頭的(de)壓力等級(ji)都是(shi)一樣的(de),其(qi)規格范圍也(ye)是(shi)一樣的(de)。
大(da)(da)小(xiao)頭,也是(shi)這個分法(fa)(fa)。大(da)(da)小(xiao)頭的表(biao)示方法(fa)(fa)是(shi)大(da)(da)頭直(zhi)(zhi)徑乘以小(xiao)頭直(zhi)(zhi)徑,例如8×6表(biao)示大(da)(da)頭直(zhi)(zhi)徑是(shi)8英寸,小(xiao)頭直(zhi)(zhi)徑是(shi)6英寸的大(da)(da)小(xiao)頭。 管(guan)件的技(ji)術(shu)要求(qiu)有以下幾(ji)點:
幾何尺寸(cun)包(bao)(bao)(bao)括外徑、內徑、壁厚。還要(yao)求控制(zhi)曲(qu)率半徑。比如(ru)(ru)半徑長度為(wei)1.5d,那么(me)曲(qu)率半徑須(xu)在(zai)所要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)公差(cha)范(fan)圍之內。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)些管件大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)用于(yu)(yu)(yu)焊接(jie)(jie),為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)提(ti)高焊接(jie)(jie)質量(liang)(liang),端(duan)部都車(che)成坡(po)口(kou),留一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度,帶一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)邊(bian),這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)項要(yao)求也比較嚴(yan),邊(bian)多(duo)(duo)厚,角(jiao)度為(wei)多(duo)(duo)少和(he)偏差(cha)范(fan)圍都有規定(ding)(ding),幾何尺寸(cun)上(shang)比管件多(duo)(duo)了(le)(le)(le)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)項。表(biao)面質量(liang)(liang)和(he)機械性(xing)能(neng)基(ji)本和(he)管子(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)。為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)焊接(jie)(jie)方便(bian),和(he)被連接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)管子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)種是(shi)(shi)相同的(de)(de)(de)。第四,就是(shi)(shi)所有的(de)(de)(de)管件都要(yao)經過(guo)表(biao)面處(chu)理,把(ba)內外表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化鐵皮(pi)通過(guo)噴丸處(chu)理噴掉,再涂上(shang)防(fang)(fang)腐漆(qi)。這(zhe)(zhe)既(ji)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)出(chu)口(kou)需要(yao),再者,在(zai)國內也是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)方便(bian)運輸防(fang)(fang)止銹蝕氧(yang)化,都要(yao)做(zuo)這(zhe)(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)工作。第五,就是(shi)(shi)對(dui)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao)管件,如(ru)(ru)出(chu)口(kou),就需要(yao)做(zuo)木箱,大(da)(da)(da)約1立方米,規定(ding)(ding)這(zhe)(zhe)種箱子(zi)(zi)中的(de)(de)(de)彎頭數(shu)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)約不(bu)能(neng)超(chao)過(guo)一(yi)噸,該標準(zhun)允(yun)許套(tao)裝(zhuang),即大(da)(da)(da)套(tao)小(xiao),但總(zong)重量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般不(bu)可超(chao)過(guo)1噸。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)(da)件就要(yao)單個(ge)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang),像24″的(de)(de)(de)就須(xu)單個(ge)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)。另外就是(shi)(shi)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)標記,標記是(shi)(shi)要(yao)注明(ming)尺寸(cun)、鋼(gang)號(hao)、批(pi)號(hao)、廠家商標。在(zai)管件上(shang)要(yao)打上(shang)鋼(gang)印,并附有裝(zhuang)箱單和(he)質保書等(deng)文件。
下(xia)(xia)面(mian)我(wo)再(zai)談(tan)一(yi)下(xia)(xia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)件生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝流程(cheng)(cheng)。以(yi)彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)為(wei)(wei)倒,若做長半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou),如用(yong)天管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),要(yao)(yao)先(xian)選(xuan)定(ding)規格,提出(chu)(chu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)料(liao)。擴(kuo)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)率(lv),通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)理(li)論計算(suan),一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)擴(kuo)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)率(lv)在(zai)33%-35%之間(jian),倒推(tui)(tui)回去。短半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)219mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)50%。選(xuan)好原(yuan)料(liao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),按彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)規格下(xia)(xia)料(liao),再(zai)考慮曲(qu)率(lv)半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing), 比如,90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou),通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)其曲(qu)率(lv)可(ke)以(yi)算(suan)出(chu)(chu)下(xia)(xia)多長料(liao)可(ke)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)出(chu)(chu)90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)理(li)論計算(suan)可(ke)算(suan)出(chu)(chu),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)以(yi)該(gai)長度為(wei)(wei)定(ding)尺(chi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)切斷。把料(liao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)熱(re)推(tui)(tui)制(zhi)。推(tui)(tui)制(zhi)機大家可(ke)能都(dou)看過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),實際(ji)很簡單(dan)。它是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)牛角(jiao)狀芯(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)頭(tou)(tou)或(huo)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)棒(bang),芯(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)棒(bang)由(you)細變(bian)粗,推(tui)(tui)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)擴(kuo)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)帶(dai)彎(wan)曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)邊(bian)有(you)(you)支撐,把下(xia)(xia)料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)段穿入芯(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)棒(bang),后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)邊(bian)有(you)(you)一(yi)牌坊架將芯(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)棒(bang)固定(ding)。中間(jian)有(you)(you)一(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)車(che)(che),小(xiao)(xiao)車(che)(che)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)液壓傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)機械傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)即(ji)絲杠傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)往(wang)前推(tui)(tui)小(xiao)(xiao)車(che)(che)。小(xiao)(xiao)車(che)(che)推(tui)(tui)著管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)順(shun)著芯(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)棒(bang)往(wang)前走,芯(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)棒(bang)外(wai)(wai)有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)感應(ying)圈,把管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re),加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)好,然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)小(xiao)(xiao)車(che)(che)把管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)推(tui)(tui)下(xia)(xia),就(jiu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)好一(yi)個(ge)(ge)。推(tui)(tui)好后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)要(yao)(yao)就(jiu)此熱(re)狀態下(xia)(xia)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)整形(xing)。因為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)處理(li)不(bu)(bu)當后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),就(jiu)會扭曲(qu),這(zhe)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)允許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。另外(wai)(wai),推(tui)(tui)頭(tou)(tou)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)都(dou)是(shi)前端外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大,要(yao)(yao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)整形(xing)模(mo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)整形(xing)。整形(xing)模(mo)實際(ji)上是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)壓力機,要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)一(yi)套模(mo)具,兩個(ge)(ge)半(ban)圓(yuan)弧,上下(xia)(xia)各一(yi)個(ge)(ge)。整形(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)就(jiu)達(da)到了(le)成品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)了(le)。壁厚就(jiu)以(yi)來料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁厚進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)。彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁厚公(gong)差都(dou)是(shi)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),均為(wei)(wei)±12.5%。在(zai)推(tui)(tui)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,正常(chang)情況下(xia)(xia)壁厚不(bu)(bu)應(ying)當發生(sheng)變(bian)化,但如果因為(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)具原(yuan)因,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方會發生(sheng)減壁現象,所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)提料(liao)時(shi),壁厚要(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)一(yi)些(xie)余量,如彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)是(shi)8.18mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁厚,一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)都(dou)提8.5mm左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi),防止在(zai)推(tui)(tui)制(zhi)時(shi)由(you)于局部減厚而超差。整好形(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)、壁厚尺(chi)寸都(dou)達(da)到了(le)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。下(xia)(xia)面(mian)就(jiu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)精整工(gong)(gong)序(xu),經過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)噴丸處理(li),把彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)內外(wai)(wai)表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化鐵皮去除(chu),把兩端進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)坡(po)口處理(li)以(yi)便于焊接(jie)(jie)。再(zai)經過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)檢(jian)查(cha)、打鋼字、噴涂漆(qi)、包裝等工(gong)(gong)序(xu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)出(chu)(chu)廠了(le)。以(yi)上是(shi)24″以(yi)下(xia)(xia)以(yi)無(wu)縫(feng)(feng)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)作為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)生(sheng)產(chan)方法,超過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)24″以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)即(ji)600mm以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),大彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)在(zai)2.032米~2.80米之間(jian),是(shi)用(yong)鋼板(ban)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。把鋼板(ban)按要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)裁成料(liao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),像uoe成型,也是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)沖模(mo)沖壓沖成圓(yuan)形(xing)。有(you)(you)兩半(ban)然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)再(zai)拼(pin)合、焊接(jie)(jie)。由(you)于焊縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai),所(suo)以(yi)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)無(wu)損探(tan)傷。由(you)于有(you)(you)焊接(jie)(jie)應(ying)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai),所(suo)以(yi)還要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)熱(re)處理(li)。焊接(jie)(jie)彎(wan)頭(tou)(tou)多了(le)兩道工(gong)(gong)序(xu):一(yi)是(shi)探(tan)傷,一(yi)是(shi)熱(re)處理(li)。其他程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)相同。
三(san)通的(de)生產工藝也(ye)基本(ben)是(shi)如此。要(yao)根據三(san)通的(de)不同規格(ge)進(jin)行下料。下料后先要(yao)噴砂,要(yao)在(zai)成形(xing)前(qian)將表面的(de)氧化鐵皮去(qu)除。成形(xing)則采用液(ye)壓(ya)鼓(gu)脹(zhang)法成形(xing)。有模(mo)具(ju),模(mo)具(ju)底部平(ping)直,上邊有凸(tu)緣孔(kong)。將管(guan)子放入(ru)后,管(guan)子用液(ye)壓(ya)缸固定,兩邊充入(ru)液(ye)體向(xiang)內凸(tu)脹(zhang),把管(guan)擠成凸(tu)字形(xing),再把凸(tu)起(qi)處(chu)從適當位置切除,也(ye)打成坡口。它要(yao)經過兩次噴丸處(chu)理(li)。由于加工過程中(zhong),有加工硬化,所以也(ye)需要(yao)熱處(chu)理(li)。管(guan)件的(de)生產工藝流(liu)程就是(shi)這些(xie)情況。
需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)再(zai)說明的(de)(de)(de)是切斷,要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)一定采(cai)用(yong)切管(guan)機(ji),再(zai)有(you)(you)鋸床,大一些(xie)的(de)(de)(de)規格就采(cai)用(yong)火焰切割。無論采(cai)用(yong)什么方(fang)(fang)法,一定要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證管(guan)端(duan)平直、無毛刺、定尺準確。否(fou)則,在(zai)推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong),管(guan)端(duan)容易破裂。推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)這方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)技術問(wen)題,在(zai)于工具(ju)設計。若設計的(de)(de)(de)好,推(tui)出來的(de)(de)(de)型比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)正,基(ji)本符(fu)合要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)廢品較(jiao)(jiao)多,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是由于工具(ju)問(wen)題。設計主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是憑經驗(yan)。還需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)工人不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷修磨(mo),才(cai)能投入正常使用(yong)。工具(ju)很重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)。另外,推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)在(zai)都采(cai)用(yong)液壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法。液壓(ya)推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速度(du)可調。大彎頭與小彎頭的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速度(du)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de),加(jia)熱(re)(re)速度(du)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相同。另外用(yong)液壓(ya)推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)變形也(ye)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)平穩。現(xian)在(zai)機(ji)械推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法已經不(bu)(bu)(bu)很多了,加(jia)熱(re)(re)也(ye)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)。老(lao)式的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)熱(re)(re)采(cai)用(yong)煤氣爐,把管(guan)子加(jia)熱(re)(re),現(xian)在(zai)都改用(yong)中(zhong)頻加(jia)熱(re)(re)。約在(zai)70年代以后(hou)我國的(de)(de)(de)這種加(jia)熱(re)(re)方(fang)(fang)式才(cai)過(guo)關。這種方(fang)(fang)法溫度(du)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)好控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),加(jia)熱(re)(re)也(ye)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)均勻。通(tong)過(guo)調節線圈的(de)(de)(de)個(ge)數來控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)加(jia)熱(re)(re)溫度(du)。若是燒(shao)咀(ju),就不(bu)(bu)(bu)太好控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。另外推(tui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)預(yu)熱(re)(re)。芯(xin)棒預(yu)熱(re)(re)后(hou)再(zai)固定管(guan)子。中(zhong)頻加(jia)熱(re)(re)技術的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用(yong)對(dui)彎頭生(sheng)產是很大的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步,產量(liang)、質量(liang)都有(you)(you)很大提高(gao)。